The World Upside Down. Territorialidad, Nacionalización E Imperio En Las Visiones Británicas De La América Española (1824-1850)
Resumen
“Llamé a la existencia a un Nuevo Mundo, para devolver el equilibrio al viejo”, había afirmado el Secretario de Asuntos Exteriores, George Canning, con el fin de justificar su reconocimiento diplomático de la independencia de las repúblicas de la América española. Sin embargo, durante las décadas que siguieron, la opinión pública del Reino Unido estuvo lejos de comprender los contornos precisos de aquellos nuevos mundos republicanos. El artículo estudia cómo las emancipaciones ultramarinas inspiraron en las élites políticas del Reino Unido una expectativa de hegemonía informal que preveía la rápida nacionalización de los territorios republicanos. Esta se concebía como garantía para la correcta penetración de los intereses británicos en la región. A su vez, el trabajo analiza cómo esta expectativa se vio rápidamente problematizada por un conjunto de memorias, relatos de viaje, diarios de exploración y ensayos escritos por agentes británicos que habían tenido una experiencia directa de los procesos de articulación territorial de los nacientes Estados. En este contexto, triunfó una visión más compleja de las territorialidades ultrama- rinas: se continuó imaginando a los nuevos espacios soberanos como un campo de expansión abierto al capital, la cultura y el poder geopolítico de los británicos, pero ahora en base a una representación más consciente de la heterogeneidad y precariedad de los procesos de territorialización que tenían lugar en la región. El artículo propone así una inspección novedosa de la relación entre los imaginarios geopolíticos del imperialismo informal británico y los procesos de nacionalización de los territorios republicanos en la América española.
Palabras clave: territorialidad, imperialismo informal, nacionalización del espacio, imaginarios geopolíticos.
Texto completo:
PDFReferencias
Canning, George. “Mr. Secretary Canning to Sir TP. h Court. Sir, Foreign-Office”. Communications with France and Spain relating to Spanish-American Provinces, 1823-24. UK Parliamentary Papers. 30 January de 1823. https://parlipapers.proquest.com/parlipapers/result/pqpdocumentview?accountid=36155&groupid=68363&pgId=03f9484b-4efd-4009-babb-dd7c808b1468&rsId=16612FC3C6A#0.
House of Commons, “Recognition of the Independence of South America-London petition for”, Hansard Nº15, 15 June 1824. https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1824/jun/15/recognition-of-the-independence-of-south
———. “Address on the King´s message respecting Portugal”. Hansard. Vol. 16, 20 April 1826. https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1826/dec/12/address-on-the-kings-message-respecting.
Fraser’s Magazine for Town and Country (1848)
Metropolitan: A Monthly Journal of Literature, Science and the Fine Arts (1832)
The Dublin Review (1848)
The Edinburgh Review (1843)
The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London (1831-1837)
The Times (1821-1847)
Alexander, James Edward, Transatlantic Sketches, Comprising Visits to the Most Interesting Scenes in North and South America, and the West Indies. With Notes on Negro Slavery and Canadian Emigration. London, R. Bentley, 1833. http://archive.org/details/transatlanticsk00unkngoog. .
———. “Notes of two expeditions up the Essequibo and Mazaroony rivers in the years 1830 and 1831”. The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. Nº2. 1832. pp. 65–72.
———. “Review of notices of the indians settled in the interior of British Guiana, by William
Hilhouse.” The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. Nº2. 1832. pp.227–49.
Bell, James, A System of Geography, Popular and Scientific, Vol. VI. Glasgow, Fullarton, 1830. http://archive.org/details/asystemgeograph00unkngoog.
Calderón de la Barca, Madame (Frances Erskine Inglis). Life in Mexico : During a Residence of Two Years in That Country, Vols. I-II. Boston, Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1843. http://archive.org/details/lifeinmexicoduri02cald.
Canning, George. "Spain And Her Colonies". The Times. 10 de noviembre de 1825.
Castlereagh, Robert Stewart y Charles William Vane Londonderry, Memoirs and Correspondence of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry, vol. V. London, Henry Colburn Publisher, 1851, 40-42/448-449, http://archive.org/details/memoirscorrespon02castuoft.
Cochrane, Thomas, Narrative of Services in the Liberation of Chili, Peru, and Brazil, from Spanish and Portuguese Domination. Vols. I-II. London, Ridgway, 1859. http://archive.org/details/narrativeofservi01dunduoft.
Dunlop, Robert Glasgow, Travels in Central America: Being a Journal of Nearly Three Years’ Residence in the Country: Together with a Sketch of the History of the Republic, and an Account of Its Climate, Productions, Commerce, Etc. London, Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1847.
Finch, Esq John, The Natural Boundaries of Empires: And a New View of Colonization. London, Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1844.
Graham, Mary, Journal of a Residence in Chile, during the year 1822. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1824.
Hall, Basil, Extracts from a Journal: written on the coasts of Chili, Peru, and Mexico, in the years 1820, 1821, 1822, Vol. II. Edinburgh, A. Constable and Company, 1824.
Hawkshaw, Sir John, Reminiscences of South America: from two and a half years’ residence in Venezuela. London, Jackson and Walford, 1838.
Mackintosh, James, Memoirs of the Life: In Two Volumes. Editado por Robert James Mackintosh, Vols.I-II. London, Moxon, 1835.
———.The Miscellaneous Works of the Right Honourable Sir James Mackintosh. Editado por Robert James Mackintosh. Boston, Phillips, Sampson and company; New York, J. C. Derby, 1854. http://archive.org/details/miscellaneouswor01mack.
Maw, Henry Lister, Journal of a Passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic : Crossing the Andes in the Northern Provinces of Peru, and descending the River Marañon or Amazon. London, J. Murray, 1829.
———. “Remarks on the South American States.”. Metropolitan: A Monthly Journal of Literature, Science and the Fine Arts. Vol. 4. Nº16. 1832. pp. 432-440.
Miller, John, Memoirs of General Miller, in the service of the Republic of Peru. Vols. I-II. London, Longmans, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, 1829.
Napier, Macvey, ed. “Life in Mexico during a Residence of Two Years in That Country”. The Edinburgh Review. Vol. 78. 1843. pp. 157-192.
Ricardo, David, On the principles of political economy, and taxation. London, J. Murray, 1817.
Robertson, John Parish, and Robertson, William Parish, Letters on Paraguay: comprising an account of a four years’ residence in that republic, under the government of the Dictator Francia, Vols. I-III. London, J. Murray, 1838-1839.
Ruxton, George Frederick Augustus, Adventures in Mexico and the Rocky Mountains. London, John Murray, 1847.
Scarlett, Peter Campbell, South America and the Pacific: comprising a journey across the Pampas and the Andes, from Buenos Ayres to Valparaiso, Lima, and Panama; with remarks upon the Isthmus. Vols. I-II. London, H. Colburn, 1838.
Smith, Adam, An inquiry into the nature and causes of the Wealth of Nations, Vol. II. London, W. Strahan and T. Cadell, 1784.
Smyth, William, and Lowe, Frederick, Narrative of a journey from Lima to Para, across the Andes and down the Amazon: undertaken with a view of ascertaining the practicability of a navigable communication with the Atlantic by the rivers Pachitea, Ucayali, and Amazon. London, J. Murray, 1836. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001875527.
Stevenson, William Bennet, A Historical and descriptive narrative of twenty years’ residence in South America, in three volumes. containing travels in Arauco, Chile, Peru, and Colombia. With an account of the revolution, its rise, progress, and rescue. Vols. I-III. London, Hurst, Robinson & Co., Constable and Co. and Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, 1825.
Styles, John, Memoirs of the life of the right honourable George Canning, Vol. II. London, T. Tegg, 1829.
Tudor, Henry, Narrative of a tour in North America: comprising Mexico, the Mines of Real de Monte, the United States, and the British Colonies; with an excursion to the Island of Cuba. In a series of letters, written in the years 1831-2. Vols. I-II. London, J. Duncan, 1834.
Vowell, Richard Longeville, and Mahoney, William, Campaigns and Cruises, in Venezuela and New Grenada, and in the Pacific Ocean; from 1817 to 1830. London, Longman and Company, 1831.
Wakefield, Edward Gibbon, England and America: a comparison of the social and political state of both nations. Vol. II. London, R. Bentley, 1833.
Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick Stephen, “Adventures in Mexico and the Rocky Mountains”. The Dublin Review. Vol. 24. Nº 47. 1848. pp. 188-217.
Almeida, Joselyn, “British Romanticism and Latin America: Atlantic Revolution and British Intervention.” Literature Compass. Vol. 7. No. 8. 2010. pp. 731-752. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-4113.2010.00733.x.
Amayo, Enrique, La política británica en la Guerra del Pacífico. Lima, Editorial Horizonte, 1988
Baeza Ruz, Andrés, “Imperio, Estado y Nación en las relaciones entre chilenos y británicos durante el proceso de independencia hispanoamericano, 1806-1831”. Revista de Historia y Geografía. Vol.36. 2017. pp. 71-74
———, Contacts, Collisions and Relationships: Britons and Chileans in the Independence Era, 1806-1831. Liverpool, Liverpool University Press, 2019.
Barton, Gregory Allen, Informal Empire and the Rise of One World Culture. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
Blaufarb, Rafe, “The Western Question: The Geopolitics of Latin American Independence”. The American Historical Review, Vol. 112. Nº 3. 2007. pp. 742-63.
Bayly, Christopher, Imperial meridian: the British empire and the world, 1780-1830. London ; New York, Longman, 1989.
Bell, Duncan. The Idea of Greater Britain: Empire and the Future of World Order, 1860-1900. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2007.
Brown, Matthew, Informal Empire in Latin America: Culture, Commerce and Capital: Culture, Commerce and Capital. Oxford, Blackwell Publ, 2008.
Cain, P., y Hopkins A., British Imperialism, 1688-2000. New York, Longman, 2001.
Castro, Luis, Carolina Figueroa Cerna, Pablo Guerrero Oñate, y Benjamín Silva Torrealba, "William Bollaert y sus descripciones geográficas, cartográficas y antropológicas sobre la provincia de Tarapacá en la etapa inicial de la formación republicana del Perú, 1827-1854. HiSTOReLo. Revista de Historia Regional y Local. Vol. 9. Nº18. 2017. pp. 121-64.
Cohen, Deborah, “Love and Money in the Informal Empire: The British in Argentina, 1830-1930”. Past and Present. Vol. 245. Nº. 1. 2019. pp. 79-115. https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtz021.
Darwin, John, The Empire Project the Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830-1970. Cambridge, Cambridge Univeristy Press, 2009, pp.1-22.
Dawson, Frank, The First Latin American Debt Crisis: The City of London and the 1822-25 Loan Bubble. New Haven; London, Yale University Press, 1990.
Edmundson, William, A History of the British Presence in Chile: From Bloody Mary to Charles Darwin and the Decline of British Influence. Oxford; New York, Palgrave Macmillan US, 2009
Escribano Roca, Rodrigo. "Poderes mutantes. La sospechosa ausencia del Estado-Nación durante el largo siglo XIX (1776-1914)", en ¿Sin pasado ni futuro? El presente pensado desde la historia y las ciencias sociales, editado por Pedro Pérez Herrero y Eduardo Cavieres Figueroa. Madrid, Marcial Pons, 2018.
Etchechury Barrera, Mario, “Periferias imaginadas: Guerras facciosas y sueños protectorales en el Río de la Plata (1838-1865)”. Prohistoria. Vol. 22. 2014. pp. 55-79
Finlay, Christopher J., "Mackintosh, Sir James, of Kyllachy". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004.
Flores, Roberto D., Gran Bretaña entre Argentina y Chile: su influencia económica y política, 1879-1999. Buenos Aires, Argentina, EC, Ediciones Cooperativas, 2008
Gallagher, John, y Ronald Robinson, “The Imperialism of Free Trade”. The Economic History Review. Vol. 6. Nº1. 1953. pp. 1-15.
González Pizarro, José Antonio, “La pugna de Atacama y sus poblados, como frontera cultural de larga duración entre Chile y Argentina. Síntesis de de relaciones científicas”. Historia 396. Vol. 3. Nº 1. 2016. pp. 101-133.
Goodlad, Lauren, The Victorian Geopolitical Aesthetic: Realism, Sovereignty, and Transnational Experience. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2015.
Heinowitz, Rebecca Cole, Spanish America and British Romanticism, 1777-1826: Rewriting Conquest. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2010.
Herb, Guntram H., y Kaplan, David H, Scaling Identities: Nationalism and Territoriality. London, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2017.
Knight, Alan, "Rethinking British Informal Empire in Latin America (Especially Argentina)". Bulletin of Latin American Research. Vol. 27. Nº1. 2008. pp.23-48.
Lempériére, Anick, “Presentación: Hacia una nueva historia transnacional de las independencias hispanoamericanas”, en Las revoluciones americanas y la formación de los estados nacionales, editado por Jaime Rosenbllitt. Santiago, DIBAM, 2013.
Llanos Reyes, Claudio, “Imperialismo inglés y ciencia. La Sociedad Geográfica Real de Londres, 1830-1870”. Boletín americanista. Nº. 60. 2010. pp.215-219.
Mayo, John, “Britain and Chile, 1851-1886: Anatomy of a Relationship”. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. Vol. 23. Nº. 1. 1981. pp. 95-120. https://doi.org/10.2307/165544
Magee, Gary Bryan, y Thompson, Andrew Stuart. “Introduction”. En Empire and Globalisation: Networks of People, Goods and Capital in the British World, c. 1850-1914, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2011.
McLean, David, War, Diplomacy and Informal Empire: Britain and the Republics of La Plata, 1836-1853. London, New York, British Academic Press, 1995.
Middleton, Dorothy, “The early history of the Hakluyt Society 1847-1923”. The Geographical Journal. Vol. 152. Nº 2. 1986. pp. 217–24 https://doi.org/10.2307/634763.
Miller, Rory, Britain and Latin America in the 19th and 20th Centuries. London, Routledge, 2017
Mitchell, Rosemary. “Callcott [Née Dundas; Other Married Name Graham], Maria, Lady Callcott (1875-1842).” In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009.https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/11944.
Palacios Knox, Marisa, “Imagining informal empire: Nineteenth-century British literature and Latin America”. Literature Compass. Vol. 16, Nº. 1. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/lic3.12505
Platt, Christopher M., Finance, Trade and Politics in British Foreign Policy, 1815-1914. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1971.
Pradilla Cobos, Emilio, “La Mundialización, La Globalización Imperialista y Las Ciudades Latinoamericanas”. Bitácora Urbano Territorial. Vol.2. Nº. 15. 2009. pp.13-36.
Robson, Martin, “The UK and Argentina: Economic Interdependence, Informal Empire, or Just Good Friends?” En Navies and Maritime Policies in the South Atlantic, editado por Érico
Esteves Duarte y Manuel Correia de Barros. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave MacMillan, 2019, pp.97-118.
Salazar Vergara, Gabriel, Mercaderes, empresarios y capitalistas: Chile, siglo XIX. Santiago de Chile, Editorial Sudamericana, 2011.
Sánchez Cano, Gäel, y Miquel de la Rosa Lorente. “Immaterial Empires: France and Spain in the Americas, 1860s and 1920s”. European History Quarterly. Vol. 50. Nº. 3. 2020. pp. 393-411. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265691420933491.
Sánchez, Juan L. “Domesticating the Atlantic: British representations of Spanish America and the shaping of British Imperial ideology.” The Yearbook of English Studies Vol. 46. 2016. pp. 277–293. https://doi.org/10.5699/yearenglstud.46.2016.0277.
Vargas García, Eugenio. “¿Imperio Informal? La política británica hacia américa latina en el Siglo XIX.” Foro Internacional. Vol. 46. Nº 2. 2006. pp. 353–385.
Varnava, Andrekos, ed., Imperial expectations and realities: El Dorados, utopiasand dystopias. Studies in imperialism. Manchester [U.K.], Manchester University Press, 2015.
Enlaces refback
- No hay ningún enlace refback.